A Brief Note On The, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, And Queer Essay

Assignment One – Microaggressions. The LGBTQ –[ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer]- community experience micro-aggressions on a daily basis and have been doing so for a very long time. There has always have been aura of negativity and aggression that surrounded them. It used to be expressed in the similar way Old-fashion racism was, with the intent to cause harm. Now in modern times micro-aggressions are used against to degrade LGBTQ members more than anything else. Micro-aggressions is a term that used to describe subtle or indirect racism. According to Professor Sue the general nature of micro-aggression is that there is two different types of racism, Old Fashion Racism and contemporary racism. Old fashion racism is purposeful with the intent to cause harm, meanwhile most contemporary racism is disguised and can be interpreted in different ways which makes it harder to prove. Micro-aggressions happened so frequently in everyday life that they are often seen as harmless mistakes or they get written off. Because of the way we are raised and what we are taught, if we are in a position of privilege micro-aggressions are part of our basic communication skills and we are often unaware of the harm that we are causing. There are two broad types of micro-aggressions micro-insults and micro-invalidations. Micro-insults are to humiliate a person’s racial identity, and micro-invalidations dismiss the thoughts and reality of minority groups. The LGBTQ community have toShow MoreRelatedIs There A Relationship Between Sexual Orientation And Anxiety?2027 Words   |  9 Pagesthan straight is astounding. Over half of the women who identified as bisexual had been diagnosed with some mood or anxiety disorder, compared to only 30.5% of heterosexual women. Similarly there were heightened results for lesbian and unsure women (44.4% and 36.6% respectably). These results are even more visible in male participants where only 18.6% of straight participants had an anxiety disorder compared to 4 1.2% of their gay counterparts. While correlation does not prove causation, there seemsRead MoreEssay on Evaluation and Program Research4857 Words   |  20 PagesLiterature Search and the Number of Results Found gay students (75,122), lesbian students (74,069), bisexual students (73,858), high school environments (189,066), heterosexuals (1,933), adolescents (25,333) Analyze the type of research methods used in each article selected (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, single-case designs, action research, and outcome-based research) Quantitative design. The article, â€Å"Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths’ Perceptions of Their High School EnvironmentsRead MoreThe Influence Of Age, Religion, And Intergroup Contact6284 Words   |  26 Pagesfollowing the legalization of the union and acknowledgement of it by the U.S. Government on June 26th 2015 (De Vogue and Diamond 2015). Within the past 5 to 10yrs there has been an increase in support for what are commonly known as LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) family rights in the United States, including but not limited to allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children legally (Jones, Cox, and Navarro-Rivera 2014). Prior to and in light of the recent political and culturalRead MoreThe Wrong Body Essay4944 Words   |  20 Pagesdiscussion on this identity-body discrepancy. More specifically, relevant definitions, theories, research, and debates are presented with the objective of developing the context for the proposed documentary, Trans-Iden tities, Trapped and Translated. In brief, this documentary will portray and evaluate the veracity of the wrong body experience in transgenders and other identities, in part through accessing the opinions of different identities on others’ professed experiences and incited debates. More onRead MoreCase Presentation : Mary Raymond4104 Words   |  17 PagesEvan Decker March 11, 2015 SOWK 492 Seminar Case Presentation Outline: Mary Raymond Note: All names used in this presentation have been changed in order to protect the identity and confidentiality of the client. 1. Referral Source and Client Descriptive Information -Referral Source: The client (Mary Raymond) was referred to me on a volunteer basis after that she entered the Resource Center looking to speak with me. I had previously met Mary at last week’s SOGBLTQ event during which I was panelist

Public Adherence And Compliance With Law Enforcement Essay

Overview The public’s level of confidence and trust in the police has been said to determine public adherence and compliance with law enforcement. Moreover, public perceptions of, and experiences with the police have played a critical role in police effectiveness (Beck et al. 1999), and in order for police to prosper and adequately function, they require public support. To date, there have been adequate research and investigations conducted on the level of confidence and general public perception on the police. Perceptions were based on police ability to respond to and fight crime, maintaining order and treating crime victims fittingly. Nevertheless, investigations concerning victims’ perceptions and confidence in the police – after victimization, are narrow. This review reflects on victims namely of crimes that have disordered safety within their own homes and communities – like home invasions, robbery or property crimes. These crimes induce great fear am ong the victims and the general public, especially since they occur inside one’s home where people expect privacy and safety (Heinonen and Eck, 2012). Consequently, residents attempt to remedy their fear of these crimes by avoiding places at particular times and purchasing crime prevention equipment, as well as forming neighborhood movements against crime (Devalve, Quinn Grohe, 2012). Ultimately, the level of public confidence in the police is revealed through the strength of the public’s belief that the police areShow MoreRelatedClean Air Laws Should Reduce Smoking Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesClean air laws have been passed to diminish the injurious effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on non†smokers by limiting or prohibition of smoking in designated public areas (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1986; Environmental Protection Agency, 1992). Clean air laws help in reducing exposure to second†hand smoke, and they also reduce smoking rates. Limitations on smoking may reduce smoking by decreasing occasions to smoke and by modifying behavior changes towards smoking (DepartmentRead MoreThe Importance Of Professional Conduct Within A Healthcare Industry Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesPolicy and Management, School of Public Health, (2011) opportunities that relates to policies and practice, begins with the implementation of quality improvement, professional collaboration in educational programs; designing quality improvement projects; focusing on patient-centered care, by being involved with the clinical systems process. Law sources in America, relative legal procedures, and the related court system. According to the American Journal of Public Health, (2005) the two most importantRead MoreLaw Enforcement Cameras Are An Absolute Invasion Of Our Privacy980 Words   |  4 PagesLaw enforcement cameras Would you like to be watch at any time, under any circumstances? Law enforcement agencies across the United States and around the world are moving toward body-worn camera technology to strengthen evidence documentation and transparency which can improve both prosecutions and community trust. Agencies want to understand important issues surrounding this technology including policy, privacy and compliance, and how they can benefit from the untapped benefits beyond the cameraRead MoreHuman Trafficking Supply Chain Risk1160 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious state, federal and international laws. The Legal Landscape and Liabilities. Of course, human trafficking and child labor are illegal in almost every country. But, violations of the laws against such practices are commonplace. This is due to a worldwide demand for cheap labor and services, as well as the lack of any meaningful law enforcement. Businesses which rely on lackluster enforcement to avoid liability, are taking a huge risk. Enforcement policies are changing, subjecting thoseRead MoreCivil Construction Case Report1090 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstrations by dissident organizations may interrupt and interfere with normal operations, such activities may not present a serious Physical Security threat, unless they are fairly large. Defense against demonstrations requires the assistance of local law enforcement. If the demonstration is large, may require a great deal of assistance. Additionally, terrorist organizations or other criminal elements may use a demonstration or protest as a cover for more serious activities. 5. Terrorist Activity (a) ThreeRead MoreCode Of Conduct Through Their Own Behavior1408 Words   |  6 Pages(Cornell University Law School, 2005): †¢ Code of conduct through their own behavior. Honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships; †¢ Full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that a company files with, or submits to, the Commission and in other public communications made by the company †¢ Compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations;Read MoreDirect Effect Principle1503 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction 1 Most European Union law(hereinafter referred as EU law) textbooks showcase that the evolution of direct effect principle gave rise to various debatable issues. It is blatant that directive appears to be a double-edged sword by protecting fundamental rights guaranteed by the Union law, taken jointly, ensuring the uniform application of Union law across the Member States. Nevertheless, David appreciated that this issue became highly contentious due to the inconsistent judicialRead MoreOverview of the Securities and Exchange Commission579 Words   |  2 Pagesto pay attention to these ways in order to ensure SEC compliance. The SEC has enforcement authority over a number of areas related to the nations capital markets, including insider trading, accounting fraud, and providing false information. The SECs jurisdiction extends to all securities that are traded publicly. Privately-held companies do not need to register with the SEC (SEC.gov, 2012). Any firms seeking to sell securities to the public needs to undergo the registration process, which includesRead MoreSecurity As A Service Provider Paper984 Words   |  4 Pagesindustry’s best practice and governing laws and regulations, go a step further in protecting not only its own data but also all data and information especially regarding clients. This paper will discuss the way a Security as a Service Provider – Secured Inc. which had gone above and beyond when it comes to its cybersecurity defense, accentuating its ability as a service provider through its practice of Information Assurance security standards such as NIST, FISMA compliance, ISO20000 Service Management SystemRead MoreThe Regulation Of Provided Legal Services1674 Words   |  7 Pagessystem. As indicated by Sir David Clementi regulation fulfills six distinctive purposes of which incorporates access to justice, protection and advancement of consumer interest, promotion of competition, public und erstanding of a native s legitimate rights and the maintenance of the rule of law. The SRA Code of Conduct represents an ambitious attempt to merge consumer protection and professionalism. As it stands, the regulatory framework of the legal profession was established by the Legal Services

Soviet War The Cold War Essay - 1730 Words

Cold War Essay 1947 through 1991 was the time period of the Cold War; the Cold War was a result caused by the tension of the after math of what had happened with world war 2 .The tension that was there wasn t just any kind of tension it was military tension between the power of the eastern bloc and the power of the western bloc. The Cold War wasn t only one war but it was decades of littlewars and intimidation. Germany was busy after the war, there where so much tension between the Soviet Union and the western allies because they had feared each other because they had thought a new war could arise. Minister Churchill then decided that he would put what would be an iron curtain across Europe. The Cold War had so many little conflicts within it like the Chinese revolution, the Palestine liberation organisation, and so many more hundreds if you would that happened in the Cold War time. The 1940’s Mao Zedong was a military leader, a soldier, a principle of the Chinese Marxist theorists, and the man who led his nations cultural revolution. There are so many ways that Mao seems to be the perfect man the man who has his life together and he was a very good self promoter. He is what you could say make China s communism a big deal during the Cold War. The Chinese revolution was placed around 4 years after the war and you could say that Mao had a big impact in that. Being that he did lead the revolution, he was the man who kind of impacted a part ofShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The Soviet War845 Words   |  4 PagesThe reason the Cold War was called the Cold War is because there were no physical battles with weapons, tanks, or even artillery, it was a war between capitalism vs. communism, democracy vs. dictatorship. This War actually started when Stalin of the USSR had a conference during the end of WWII who promised the American president, FDR, that he woul d allow there to be elections, democratic elections, in the Eastern part of Europe which had the soviet dominance. But in the year of 1945, in the PotsdamRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet War911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War began at the resolution of WWII and continued into the 1990’s. The Cold War was fueled by many factors such as ideological differences, mutual mistrust, America’s fear of the spread of communism, and nuclear weapons. The war ultimately resulted in the collapse of communism. The war was supported by allied nations although the main instigators of the war were Russia and the United States. A major short term factor that lead to the Cold War was USSR’s fear of America’s newly acquiredRead MoreSoviet War : The Cold War1289 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the entirety of World War II the United States and the Soviet Union joined forces and repelled against the axis powers. However the two nations did not see eye to eye and as a result had an uneasy relationship. Tensions worsened after the war due to Soviet expansion located in Eastern Europe. The two almost seemed destined to clash after the end of the Second World War. The two nations had contrasting long term interests, and different values in terms of politics. Subsequently, this causedRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet War1982 Words   |  8 PagesAs we all think of word â€Å"war† we immediately think of death s, violence, disagreement with one another. Many country has been on war with one another but they have got anything out of it, except millions of people deaths. Whenever â€Å"warâ⠂¬  start it’s always happened because of two nations disagreement with one another. In 1948 Berlin Blockade, The USSR attempt to break the connection between the Western and Eastern parts of Berlin, in the result of this early days of Cold war started. As long as I knowRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet War1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is the name granted to the tensions that developed between the USA and the USSR after World War II. The Cold War was an era of confrontation and competition between these two world powers that lasted from about 1946 to 1990. The Cold War was to dominate affairs for decades and many major crises occurred such as the Berlin Wall, Hungary, Vietnam, and the Cuban Missile Crisis are just a few examples of the problems that sparked as a result of the Cold War. For most, the growth in weaponsRead MoreThe Soviet War : The Cold War Essay4147 Words   |  17 PagesCOLD WAR TERMINATION Most historians and foreign policy analysts in 1981 did not anticipate that within a decade the Cold War would be over and that it would end with relatively little violence and the end of the Soviet Union. Structural forces have received considerably less attention than the players in assessments on the end of the Cold War. There is widespread recognition that a stagnating Soviet economy definitely shaped Gorbachev s policy of perestroika to revive a command economy dominatedRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet War1199 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was a succession of savage battles fought between the USA and the USSR during the end of World War II. These two prevailing countries never faced each other directly, therefore it was a war fought by proxy. Both the USA and the USSR had conflict between their two ideologies and ways of life, the USA assumed capitalism and democracy was the optimal way of living, while the USSR concluded communism was the more suitable choice. Each cou ntry believed their system or ideology was superiorRead MoreSoviet War : The Cold War Essay2010 Words   |  9 PagesBrandon Davis Teacher Class Period 13 December 2016 Cold War Essay From the years of 1947 to 1991, the Cold War became the peak of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. This tension originated through the political, economic, and ideological differences between these two governments. The United States was wary of the communist government in Russia, starting from the Red Scare. Throughout the duration of World War I and II, the United States sought to contain communism and preventRead MoreThe Soviets And The Cold War1597 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the end of World War Two, the Soviets and Americans had conflicting views on their beliefs and ideology. The Soviets supported communism, whereas the United States, and other â€Å"Big Four† allies encouraged capitalism. This caused a tense relationship to form between the two powerful countries, and led to many international affairs. These non-violent events were known as the Cold War, and one of the most important was the Berlin Airlift. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Joseph StalinRead MoreThe Cold War And Its Effects On The Soviet War1343 Words   |  6 Pages Cold War Midterm Czechoslovakia 1968: Liberalization in the Eastern Bloc Michael Fritz Excelsior College September 17, 2014 The political landscape, economic climate change and religious beliefs all factored into the Cold War due the fact that it lasted nearly 5 decades. The Cold War changed histrionically from each administration change that every nation faced during these long time periods. In the Soviet Union political landscapes went from Stalin to Khruschev then Brezhnev, each

The Effects Of Exposure On Persons With Social Anxiety...

Finally, a summary of meta-analytic reports by Rodebaugh, Holaway, Heimberg (2004) had a notable post- treatment effect in persons with social anxiety disorder: with effects ranging from moderate to large. These effects were larger in within-group interventions than in waiting-list interventions, and follow up studies done up to 12 months after treatment showed a retention of these effects. Generally, the use of cognitive restructuring and exposure was shown to have better results than the use of other interventions, and their combinations with cognitive restructuring. However, Rodebaugh reported that this difference was insignificant, with the insignificance being attributed to a small number of existing comparisons. In addition, the use of exposure alone and a combination of exposure and cognitive restructuring yielded similar results. Basing this observation, and on the findings from other interventions, it seems that exposure to stressors yields the best results. However, it is not clear whether such benefits are obtained from within- session exposure or from homework exposure. By conducting an empirical review on previously published findings, the researcher intends to find out whether the currently used methods are effective, and possibly introduce a new concept/ argument to the current existing discussion. Analysis of Methodology This empirical review focused on four English-language articles, which contained literature on the effectiveness of using cognitiveShow MoreRelatedEssay on Social Phobia Disorder1149 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Phobia Social phobia is a kind of disorder, which involves fear regarding societal situations and accomplishable destructive criticism. Social phobia is the greatest general psychiatric problem in epidemiological examination, with estimation of life time occurrence in western circle as more as 16%. Common phobia generally come out in adolescence and is associated with deep distress, destruction and comorbid problem. Females in clinical trials are higher possible than males to social anxietyRead MoreEssay on Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)1308 Words   |  6 PagesSocial anxiety disorder (social phobia) can be described as an extreme, persistent fear of being scrutinized or judged by others in social situations. This fear may lead to feelings of embarrassment, humiliation and self-consciousness. People who suffer from this condition may â€Å"feel powerless against their anxiety† (ADAA). These emotions often interfere with daily activities, such as school, work and personal relationsh ips. The person might begin to withdraw socially or avoid situations in whichRead MoreWhy Psychology Is The Anxiety Disorder Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhen most people think of psychology they think of therapists and psychological disorders but it’s not, Psychology is much more. Psychology is a rigorous science that’s based on methodical observation and laboratory studies. Which also includes the knowledge in various fields, including problems of treatment of mental illnesses. The four main Psychological concepts that applies to the life of a TV/ Radio Host is Anxiety, Stress, Burnout and Coping. In today’s age of technology there are several avenuesRead MoreSocial Anxiety : A Mental Health Problem1636 Words   |  7 Pages Have you ever felt like you are overly nervous in social situations? Well if so, then you might have a mental disorder called social anxiety. Social anxiety could almost be a thing of the past unless a person chooses not to get treat ment for it. There are many different treatments and skills to help reduce social anxiety by a ton. Social anxiety should not stop anybody from doing the things they love. So many other people have this disorder and do not want to get help because they do not want toRead MoreSocial Anxiety Disorder And Social Depression1147 Words   |  5 PagesMay 29, 2013 Social Anxiety Disorder One of the most common mental disorders in the United States that goes unseen is social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia. Many times parents tend to mistake it for pure shyness. If gone uncured it may cause children, young adults, and adults to not be able to participate in social activities. Even though there is a great diversity in all people when it comes to their personalities the quitter people tend to develop social anxiety due to how societyRead MoreThe Darcy Is A Man Of Good Standing1514 Words   |  7 Pagesopinion and implicit trust in Mr. Darcy, which many believe says much about Mr. Darcy’s true character (Austen, 2006). Darcy is perfectly comfortable when at home at Pemberley or with people he knows and loves, but his temperament in social settings shows a whole different person. Mr. Darcy joined Mr. Bingley and his two sisters in Meryton. It is here that he began to become more aware and uncomfortable with how he presents himself in public. His reputation among those who do not know him well is very differentRead MorePanic Disorder And Anxiety Disorder1674 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Torpy (2011), Panic Disorder refers to an overwhelming fear, terror, or fright that is usually referred to as panic, one that happens to an individual several times in his or her life. She goes on to describe panic as a situation that is short-lived and frequently related to a terrifying event that happens in an individual’s life. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to provide a detailed discussion that shows a definitive picture of panic disorder. In order to enhance one’s understandingRead MoreResearch Based Interventions Paper1727 Words   |  7 PagesIntervention on Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder Erica Mariscal Vigil PSYCH 650 Dr. Harry Beaman 05/25/15 Research- Based Intervention on Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder According to Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley (2013), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), is a â€Å"disorder that occurs following an extreme traumatic event, in which a person re-experiences the event, avoids reminders of the trauma, and exhibits persistent increased arousal†. An example may be, a person who observed or experienced somethingRead MoreSocial Anxiety Disorder ( Adhd )1189 Words   |  5 Pages Social Anxiety Disorder Aloof, shy and interested are just some of the words to describe how some people perceive someone with social anxiety disorder. Approximately seven percent of adults in the United States deal with it. Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is a disorder where a person has an intense fear of a public or social situation. It first appears with a median onset age of 13, however it starts to show about 75% of the time between the ages of 8 and 15. The DSMRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Dissorder Essay1155 Words   |  5 PagesStress Disorder, abbreviated as PTSD is an anxiety disorder that disrupts an individual’s memory, emotions, intellect as well as nervous response usually as a result of an extremely frightening, life threatening traumatic experience on oneself or another person usually. The experience may be harming physically or psychologically causing an interference with ones ability to cope with experiences that resemble the original trauma. The major symptoms characterizing PTSD include; anxiety and extreme

Educational Psychology Questions And Answers Essay Example For Students

Educational Psychology: Questions And Answers Essay After reading an article on Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead in a Rolling Stone magazine, these are two examples of questions that I would ask my students on a test (in a multiple-choice format.) These questions are also representative of two different levels of Blooms taxonomy. 1) As a member of the Grateful Dead, what was Jerry Garcias only radio, billboard hit single? a) Throwing Stones b) Touch of Grey c) Built to Last d) Franklins Tower Correct answer: b. Touch of Grey. 2) In chronological order, identify which answer represents the progression of keyboard players (pianists) that Jerry Garcia played with in the Grateful Dead? a) Brent Midland, Pigpen, Vince Wellnick, Keith Godchaux b) Pigpen, Keith Godchaux, Brent Midland, Vince Wellnick c) Keith Godchaux, Brent Midland, Vince Wellnick, Pigpen e) Vince Wellnick, Pigpen, Keith Godchaux, Brent Midland Correct answer: b I feel that these are good examples of multiple-choice questions because they do not include in the answer section choices such as, none of the above, or all of the above. It helps to omit choices like these because these answers do not contribute in measuring students mastery of the subject or in teaching unlearned material. These questions both have discriminatory power, allowing me to see who has mastered the material and who hasnt. The distracters that I selected for these questions are the key ingredients that help me see who has mastered the subject. The distracters are not obvious wrong answers, they are choices that make the students think, which ultimately raises the cognitive level of the test beyond that of just memorization and recall. I believe that my questions are clear and easily understood. They should not make the student unnecessarily use energy in figuring out exactly what the question is asking. Also in an attempt to make the question as clear as possible I avoided the use of jargon and other complicated terms. I only used words that would be common to their vocabulary. I also avoided using negative test words such as, not and never. By doing this I made my questions easier to understand. I also tried not to make the right answer too obvious in comparison to my distracters. The last thing that I did to make these questions better was to avoid redundancy by writing and re-writing the questions. Essay questions are very advantageous because unlike multiple-choice questions they can measure what the students know and have mastered. They allow for students to express, in writing, what they do know about the material for which they are being held accountable. The second advantage of the essay test is that they allow students to explain why the material is important to them (this is internalization of information.) Essay questions promote higher levels of thinking and they also allow the students to tap into their creative energies. Essay questions do have their disadvantages like teacher grading bias issues. It is much harder to grade a free-flow of thought, expressed on paper then it is to grade a scantron test. The essay questions have to be thought out so your students dont go astray from what is really being asked. In the 90s over seventy percent of tests were in multiple-choice format. The multiple-choice format allows the teacher to cover large amounts of information with less guesswork then that of true/false or fill-in-the-blank testing formats. Multiple-choice questions are a good way to measure a students degree of judgement, while true/false reduce answers to right/wrong decisions. Multiple-choice questions bring out distinctions between what is good, what is best and what is erroneous. Another major advantage in using multiple-choice questions is their ability to discriminate. .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e , .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e .postImageUrl , .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e , .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e:hover , .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e:visited , .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e:active { border:0!important; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e:active , .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3185b8f713d8c880b9b1139a3c45109e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay about The Achievement Of The National Honor Society Essay Multiple choice questions give you the ability to tell you which students have mastered the material and which have not. This ability is also known as discriminatory power. Some teachers prefer multiple-choice tests because they think that the objective quality in the test removes the potential for grading bias. Some teachers will also favor multiple-choice tests because they think that students will be less likely to contest their grade. One more obvious but note-worthy advantage to multiple-choice testing is that they are very easily and quickly graded. Educational psychologists argue that one of the major limitations of multiple-choice testing is that they test students on .

Crystal Violet Formal Lab free essay sample

Upon completion of the experiment it was seen that the rate of reaction of crystal violet turned out to be 1 which meant the reaction was first order with respect to crystal violet. This was deduced upon plotting the graph of ln Absorbance versus time of crystal violet and by drawing the line of best fit, which showed that the slope graph was 1 which is the rate of reaction. This whole experiment was based upon the equation: Rate= k [CV+] [OH-], where k stands for the rate constant. Introduction: Kinetics, which is the study of how fast a reaction takes place or in other words the rate of a reaction, is the main ideology in this experiment. Reaction rates can be measured in a number of ways: by monitoring the amount of product formed, by measuring the loss in mass of reactants, for reactions involving gaseous products measuring the volume of gas produced, by electrolytic conductivity, pH measurement or for colored reactants or products measuring the transmittance by the use of a colorimeter. In this experiment the last method of measurement is used which is colorimetry. Colorimetry is a method of determining the kinetics of a reaction using a spectrometer which observes the amount of light that is absorbed or transmitted through a colored solution. As a reaction proceeds, the reactants either fades away or the product forms the color. By monitoring these changes the amount of product formed or reactant used up with respect to time can be monitored. The amount of light that is absorbed by a colored substance can be measured by calculating percentage absorbance or transmittance. A very helpful device known as colorimeter which is present in almost all equipped labs makes this quite simple to deduce. The machine displays the amount of light that passes through or absorbed by the substance. This instrument is based on the optics law or more commonly known as Beer-Lambert law, which is used in measuring the concentration of a solute in contrast to its absorbance. The colorimeter measures the wavelengths of different solutions as they vary. Distilled water is used as a reference in this experiment as it contains no colored elements and has a value of zero when inserted into the colorimeter. Crystal violet, a purple dye commonly used in inks or printers is reacted with sodium hydroxide, commonly known as caustic soda which is a powerful base. Sodium hydroxide is a colorless solution which when reacted with crystal violet causes it to lose its purple color and form a colorless product. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the order of the reaction with respect to crystal violet by using colorimetry. The amount of crystal violet is kept at a constant during the whole experiment while various amounts of sodium hydroxide, each of varying concentration are used. This method of determining rates is called the isolation method. Amount of reactant used with respect to time or the rate of reaction can be determined by plotting a graph of concentration versus time for the reactant if the reaction is first order. The slope is a measure of how much reactant is used per unit of time. As the concentration of reactant reduces in a chemical reaction, the slope is a negative value, hence by considering the absolute value of the slope, the rate of reaction of that reactant can be found for the reaction. If the reaction was to be of second order, a graph of ln of concentration versus time would produce the rate of reaction by determining the slope like before. It must be noted that only the absolute value of the slope matters in this situation. Third order reactions have somewhat a similar story except they require a plot of 1/concentration versus time to determine rate of reaction. When all three graphs are plotted, the graph with the line of best fit, or the one in which all point seem to be on a straight line is the correct one for the reaction. This is easily drawn using the LoggerPro software. When all three graphs are drawn, the graph with the best fit line and lowest root mean square error, or the lowest deviation from the best fit line, is the graph to be used to determine reaction kinematics. This knowledge is acquired from the equations of the integrated rate laws which are explained in the textbook. The solutions are mixed in small amounts in cuvettes and inserted into the colorimeter, which reads the percentage transmittance during the time period. The colorimeter has an enclosed space for the cuvette to be inserted making sure light from other sources does not interfere with the reaction, hence providing accurate results. The rate of the reaction is determined by using the equation: Rate= k [CV+] [OH-], where k is the rate constant for the reaction. Materials: Solutions of crystal violet and sodium hydroxide were available in the laboratory which were previously prepared of concentrations 2. 00 E-5 and 2. 00 E-2 respectively. Deionized water was used in calibration while cuvettes were used to transfer substances into the colorimeter. Magnetic stirrers along with stir bars were used in mixing the reagents together which were transferred to the beaker via pipettes to ensure accurate results were produced. Methods: Three solutions were made to be put into the cuvttes. The first of them contained 20ml of crystal violet and 20ml of sodium hydroxide. The second had 20ml crystal violet along with 10ml of distilled water and 10ml of sodium hydroxide. The third solution contained 20ml crystal violet with 15ml distilled water and 5ml sodium hydroxide. The reagents were mixed well in beakers, each containing the different solutions and were stirred sufficiently on a magnetic stir plate. The colorimeter was calibrated with distilled water which set a reference value of zero making sure that all succeeding readings would be accurate. A small sample of the first solution was placed in a cuvette which was inserted into the colorimeter. Data collection started immediately and was recorded for 15 min, the whole duration of the cuvette in the colorimeter. The different values of transmittance were recorded and the data was plotted into a graph with the help of LoggerPro software. The same procedure was repeated for the second and third solution and thereby obtaining three different Absorbance versus time graphs for each. Care was taken at every step of this experiment to ensure that errors were minimized to the fullest. The colorimeter was calibrated every time before placing a new cuvette into it to make sure results were accurate. The dye was handled with care as it leaves stain marks on any surface it is spilled on. Goggles were worn throughout the experiment to keep the eyes from risk of exposure. Safety gloves were worn to handle all reagents as one of them, sodium hydroxide, is a strong base and has significant corrosive properties. The graphs obtained from the three solutions were then manipulated using the LoggerPro software which enables he application of various calculus functions to produce different graphs, all of which lead to determination of the order of the reaction. A line of best fit was applied to all three graphs and the slopes (m), absorbance value at 7min (a) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were recorded. The first graph was reopened and a new column of ln Absorbance was made, using this data, another plot of ln Absorbance versus time was created using LoggerPro. This was done again for the second and third solutions. The graph of Absorbance versus time for the first solution was opened again to produce a graph of 1/Absorbance versus time which was saved. All of these were made possible using LoggerPro. All of the graphs produced had a line of best fit through them which made it easy to determine slope and RMSE values for each of them along with absorbance values at 7 minutes, which is the half life of the reaction period or half the time for the data to be collected. All of the data collected from the graphs were tabulated and values were used in determining the reaction rate of the reaction. Results: Figure 1: Graph slowing relationship of Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 2: Relationship of ln Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 3: Plot of 1/Absorbance versus time for first solution Figure 4: ln Absorbance versus time plot for solution 2 Solution| Order(p)| ? RMSE? | 1| 0| 0. 01641| 1| 1| 0. 01129| 1| 2| 0. 3810| Table 1: RMSE values for the three graphs for solution 1 Solution| Order (p)| [OH-]0/M| Kps= -Slope(m)*| 1| 1| 10. E-3| 0. 09287| 2| 1| 5. 0E-3| 0. 1238| 3| 1| 2. 5E-3| 0. 01038| *(m= slope from plot of ln Absorbance versus time) Table 2: Slopes of the different ln Absorbance versus time for three graphs Figure 5: Plot of kps (slope) versus [OH-]0 Figure 6: Graph of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0 Solution| Order(p)| Slope (m)| Value at 7 min (a)| RMSE| ? RMSE/a? | 1| 0| -0. 02360| 0. 271| 0. 01641| 0. 0605| 1| 1| -0. 09287| 0. 271| 0. 01129| 0. 0416| 1| 2| 0. 40210| 0. 271| 0. 3810| 1. 405| 1| 1| -0. 09287| 0. 271| 0. 01129| 0. 0416| 2| 1| -0. 12380| 0. 134| 0. 01566| 0. 1169| 3| 1| -0. 010380| 0. 492| 0. 00693| 0. 0141| Table 3: Data obtained from all the graphs plotted It was observed during the reaction that the color changed from purple to colorless at the end when taken out of the cuvette. Discussion: Table 1 shows the absolute (RMSE /a) values for the first solution. The RMSE values are obtained from the graphs produced from solution 1(graphs 1, 2 and 3). The graph with the least absolute RMSE/a value is the one with the best fit line with the greatest accuracy; hence the graph 2 or the plot of ln Absorbance versus time for solution 1 is the most accurate one as it has an absolute RMSE/a value of 0. 129. Thus it can be deduced from the table that the reaction is first order with respect to crystal violet. Since it is now known that the reaction is first order with respect to crystal violet, the functional relationship for p=1 is: ln Absorbance= [ln Absorbance]0- kpst; This equation is familiar since it is one of the integrated rate law equations as seen previously. First order reactions are determined if the plot of ln Absorbance versus time ha ve a line of best fit which is accurate. Thus the equation above shows that the best fit line from the plot would equal to –kps. Therefore the kps values would be equal to negative of the slopes of ln Absorbance versus time graphs for all three solutions which is depicted in Table 2. To determine the order of reaction with respect to [OH-] some more calculations are required and more graphs are required to be plotted. The kps values obtained from Table 2 along with the [OH-]0 values aid in the plotting of another kps versus [OH-]0 graph. The graph that is obtained is shown in Figure 5. To double check the accuracy of the graph, a second graph of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0 is plotted which would be the graph if the reaction was to be of order 1 with respect to [OH-] which is depicted in Figure 6. When the two graphs are compared to each other and their slopes and RMSE values compared from the data collected in Table 3, it is seen that the reaction is actually in fact order 1. 5 which when rounded off to the nearest integer would be equal to 1. q= slope of plot of ln kps versus ln [OH-]0= 1. 581 as seen from Figure 6. The RMSE value is also a very low value which means that this value would be very accurate and hence the reaction would be first order with respect to sodium hydroxide. The discrepancy in the final value of q can be accounted for by transfer losses, when the reagents were being transferred from the pipette to the beaker; some of it remains in the pipette and causes the concentration to be a little lower than actually reported. It should also be noted that the same cuvette was not used throughout the experiment. Different cuvettes are made from different plastics from varying compositions which mean they have different permeability which doesn’t allow the same wavelengths of light to pass through all of them, thus the colorimeter reads differently which causes errors. The reaction starts off with a purple color as crystal violet is a purple solution and sodium hydroxide is colorless. As time elapses, the violet color starts to fade away and the solution becomes colorless as their product is a colorless aqueous solution. Conclusion: Thus the above experiment concludes that the reaction was first order with respect to crystal violet and also first order with respect to sodium hydroxide. The overall reaction order was 2 with respect to crystal violet and sodium hydroxide. The overall of the rate law for the reaction would be: Rate: k [CV+] [OH-]. To ensure results are more accurate in the future, a single cuvette should be used when carrying out the whole experiment and all of the reagents must be transferred efficiently without loses to and from the beaker to ensure 100% efficiency along with using proper safety equipment while handling chemicals. References: 1. Atkins, P. W. (1978). Physical chemistry. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. 2. Allen, J. P. (2008). Biophysical chemistry. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. 3. Lindon, J. C. , Tranter, G. E. , amp; Holmes, J. L. (2000). Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry. San Diego: Academic Press. Appendix: Solution 1: Order 0, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 01641/0. 271= 0. 0605 Order 1, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 01129/0. 271= 0. 0416 Order 2, ? RMSE/a? =0. 3810/0. 217= 1. 4050 Solution 2, Order 1, ? RMSE/a? =0. 01566/0. 134= 0. 1169 Solution 3, Order 1, ? RMSE/a? = 0. 00693/0. 492= 0. 0141