Toll Like Receptor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Toll Like Receptor - Essay Example In 1989, Charles Jeneway published it classical paper discussing inate immunity and establishes the fact that recognition of pathogen is done by germline-encoded receptors and not the recombinant antigen receptors (Janeway, 1989) He establishes the role of co stimulatory molecules or signals responsible for T cell activation. After extensive research of almost 20 years we have identified that co- stimulatory signal named as Toll receptor and its pathway. Surprisingly people working with different model system recognize that Toll receptor was not only responsible for human innate immunity but also found in wide range of living systems starting from earthworm to plants. Initially Toll receptor was recognized for its role in innate immunity but later on many unique role of toll was appeared in different model system like In drosophila where Toll have key roles in development. Investigation of Toll receptors and pathway related or activated by this receptor open ups new era of innate imm unity and give us insight in to evolutionary conservation. Toll like receptors (TLR) are PRRs (pattern recognition receptor) having unique and essential role in innate immunity. It comprises of family of type I transmembrane receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine rich repeat domain and intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. LRR founds in diverse set of proteins having role in ligand recognition and signal transduction (Ruslan Medzhitov, 2001). The signature sequence of LRR is L(X2) LXL(X2) NXL(X2) L(X7) L(X2). Where X2 is any amino acids. The TIR domain of Toll receptor is conserved protein-protein interaction module found in different transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins in animals and plants. Interestingly, most of these TIR associated proteins in animals and plants have a role in host defense.Figure:1 Schematic of Toll likes receptor (TLR) (www.icampus.ucl.ac.be) TLR in mammalian Immunity: In mammalian species there are at least 10 TLR, and having distinct role in innate immunity. There are almost dozens of ligand for TLR were identified and many more yet to be established. TOL ligand are quite diverse in nature but having some common characteristics like most of TLR ligands are conserved microbial products (PAMPs), TLR recognize different structurally unrelated ligand and some TLR requires accessory proteins to recognize its ligand . Fig 2 shows different ligand molecules recognized by mammalian TLRs. (Ruslan Medzhitov Nature Reviews Immunology 1, 135-145 November 2001) Figure: 2 Ligand specification of TLR TLR Pathways: Activation of signal transduction pathway by TLR leads to expression of several genes have key role in host defense. For example TLR activated signaling pathway activates expression of cytokines, chemokines, MHC and various co stimulatory molecules (Ruslan Medzhitov, 2001). Initially it was proposed that all TLR have similar signaling cascade but growing evidences indicates that even though there are conserved signaling molecules in TLR pathway, there are differences among different types of TLR mediated

Troubled Bruno in The Hostage :: essays research papers

The Hostage A hostage inside himself, and troubled soul that has had very many bad influences in his life. Bruno, a boy, makes many mistakes and has had very many tragic instances like his father dieing, and nothing will, and can go right for him. As the reader will find out is he is very quiet and has a large stature that was feared by many, and has a lot of things that trouble him. Bruno goes though a tough time and bad situations that help influence his actions, feelings, and words, though his life, and holds him hostage within himself. Bruno was very built and had a very large physique, which people found threatening and scary. He looked much older than even one as if he was in junior high. His hair was sleeked back and was very dark and oily with a large neck and shoulders. Even though he had this big overpowering body he let it be known to every one with the cloths he wore. He showed he was tuff, and muscular though those cloths. Bruno also had a scare one his forehead that rumors say he got when a pot of boiling water in a pan hit him. They think he may have pulled it and it fell or his mom dropped it. Through this large stature one might see how he was probably made fun of and harassed.† He spoke English with a strong accent, musical, yet people mocked him and embarrassed him silently†(1201). Written by Joyce Carol Oates the write of the Hostage. This lowered his self a steam that he held in anger and used it to hold himself hostage with in. Other people in Bruno’s class were scared of him and though being scared they respected him. Because he had this kind of scared respect for him he was voted class president and was left alone. People stopped seeing him at school for a while and soon found out that his dad died. He was killed in the mafia, which affected him strongly. When he came back no one said anything and at this time he really need some one to talk too. But no one did because they were scare of him. The only person that came was the narrator was the only person who even came up to him and he did not even let her say it. But she could tell that he really enjoy her even coming up to him to attempt to talk to him.

Intro †chief guest Essay

It is indeed an honor and privilege for me to introduce to you our Guest of Honor. He brings in the vigor and idealism of youth which we believe are essential to infuse new ideas and transparency in every aspect of life . His experience and credentials is just tremendous! He has a doctorate in (Economics), from the prestigious Harvard University under Nobel Laureate Simon Kuznets, and has held various positions too . To mention a few he *was an assistant/ associate professor at Harvard university. *Faculty Summer School, Harvard University . * Visiting Scholar and Professor, Department of Economics, Harvard University. When he was associate professor, he was invited by Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen for a reader’s chair on Chinese studies at Delhi School of Economics. Thereafter he became the *Visiting Professor of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi Later ,he became the Professor of Economics, Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi He has been the backbone for the Indian Government serving at various Positions : Assistant Economics Affairs Officer, United Nations Secretariat, New York. * Member of Parliament * Member, Board of Governors, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi * Member, Control of Capital Issues Committee, Ministry of Finance. * Member, Court of Benares Hindu University (1974) and Santiniketan (1982-84). * Member, Council of IITs, Govt. of India *Cabinet Minister of Commerce, Law and Justice,1990-91. * Chairman : Commission of Labour Standards and International Trade,Government of India. He is Currently the President of Janata Party . *Chairman, Centre for National Renaissance, New Delhi *Chairman, Board of Governors , School of Communications and Management Sciences (SCMS) , kerala. He has authored many Books among which * Economic Planning in India – An Alternative Approach * Economic Growth of China and India, * Building a New India: An Agenda for Renaissance, * India’s Labour Standards and the WTO Framework. * The Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi – Unanswered Questions and Unasked Queries * South Asia in the New Millennium * India’s China Perspective *Economic Reforms and Performance in China and India * Hindus Under Siege: The Way Out *Rama Setu: Symbol of National Unity *Terrorism in India: A Strategy of Deterrence * Corruption and Corporate Governance in India: Satyam, Spectrum, Sundaram * The Foundations of Index Number Theory. Have been very successful.  He has also published several articles and research paper some of which are Can India make it? India’s path to sustained growth , Economic growth and income distribution in a developing nation , Nuclear policy for India, Plan for full employment. He brings to us not only his invaluable experience and academic training but a lineage of brave , innovative , and forward looking forebears.

Man and Masculinity - 1029 Words

Encarta dictionary defines masculinity as â€Å"those qualities conventionally supposed to make a man an excellent specimen†; but what exactly are those qualities? Many would say that physical strength, ability to compete in sports, or even the ability to hold liquor are all parts of masculinity. In ancient Greece, they called this quality andreia, literally meaning â€Å"manliness†. In truth, masculinity is a much deeper trait that can be viewed differently by a variety of people. Realistically, masculinity cannot be defined universally. A man who is considered masculine in France would most definitely not be considered masculine in the Middle East, simply because the cultures in those areas of the world are vastly different in their beliefs and†¦show more content†¦The other quality of a true masculine man, and the most important thing in any human’s life is honor. Honor is the conviction that a man has and the power it takes him to live for that convi ction. It is his belief and the action for that belief, no matter what it is. Famous men throughout history have proven their worth based on courage and honor: St. Patrick, who put his whole life and reputation on the line to educate the Irish into the way of living that he had a conviction for; Christopher Columbus, who journeyed into the most dangerous and unknown place of all to bring honor to his country; Abraham Lincoln, the man who stood up for what he believed in, stuck to his convictions, and cleansed our nation of a great injustice. These men knew the true meaning of andreia and that is why we remembered them today. There is a large misconception that a boy becomes a man when he first engages in sex with a female. Along with that goes the belief that the more partners a man has in bed, the more of a man he is. Having many sexual partners does not show true masculinity, nor does the first sexual act of a male make him a man. Any man who believes himself to be a man because o f these things, is guilty of pseudoandreia-false manliness. Not only do these ideas not apply to masculinity, but they break the rule of honor, which is so vital to the true being of a man. A real, masculine man understandsShow MoreRelatedMasculinity As A Man s Man2606 Words   |  11 Pagesfathers, because of the way that they tried to fit the picture of masculinity† (Steinem). This particular idea of masculinity is a much more modern interpretation that has changed drastically over the centuries. Masculinity used to be defined as a male who was a man’s man that exemplified President Theodore Roosevelt’s idea of pulling one’s self up by the bootstraps. Over the years, especially in literature, the evolution of masculinity can be directly traced through careful and considerate evaluationRead MoreMasculinity And The Ideal Man969 Words   |  4 PagesMasculinity and â€Å"the ideal man† are themes and ideas that have been explored in stories for cen turies. From ancient Greek epics to modern television programs, the theme of what it means to be a man has been developed repeatedly, with some of the core ideals remaining the same and others changing with modern societal perceptions. While the idea of activity over passivity persists as an accepted and ideal trait of masculinity, the ideal that men must be dominant over women to match the portrait ofRead MoreMasculinity, By William Faulkner And The Death Of A Man1191 Words   |  5 PagesMasculinity is a common theme in nearly all of Hemingway’s works. What makes Indian Camp unique is that it is about a young boy earning his masculinity, and all in one very eventful night. 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This study used 4 males from St. Mary’s University, TwickenhamRead MoreJohn Tosh s A Man s Place : Masculinity And The Middle Class Home932 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Tosh’s ‘‘A Man s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England’’, published in 1999 is an important contribution to the study of gender history, particularly within the Victorian period. His study of the connection between masculinity and domesticity, an area very much overlooked, helps to provide a balanced view on the role of gender in Victorian England. There has been a lot of study into the female experience of the transition from the private sphere into the public sphereRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity1092 Words   |  5 Pagesfocuses on ‘I Love You, Man’, and discusses about homosocial relationship between two men and explores ‘hegemonic masculinity’ and ‘the field of masculinity’ depic ted in this film. ‘Hegemonic masculinity’, which is proposed by Connell (1987), is assumed to ‘the pattern of practice (i.e., things done, not just a set of role expectations or an identity) that allowed men’s dominance over women to continue.’ (Connell and Messerschmidt 2005, p.832) However, hegemonic masculinity has strong influence notRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity : Characters And Plot Of The Popular Sitcom Two And A Half Men1720 Words   |  7 Pagesthe production of hegemonic masculinity and subordinate masculinity in the show reinforce the idea of hegemonic masculinity as the only real form of manliness accepted by society’s standards of an â€Å"ideal man.† Effeminate masculinity, a subordinate form of masculinity, is not represented in the show in a positive light rather, it is mocked. 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According to Merriam-Websters Medical Dictionary, that is the definition of homophobia. Interesting isnt it? to see homophobia on the same page as hepatitis, herpes, and HIV among others. Before this class I wouldnt have expected to find it there. I mean honestly